Essay about Health Care - 3077 Words

Healthcare Law, Policy, and Advocacy, 5390 LaToya C. Hicks 01/26/2010 Module 1 Health Policymaking in the U.S. by Longest Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 1. Define health. What are the determinants of health in humans? Health is defined as the â€Å"state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being that is necessary to live a meaniful and productive life. Health determinants are the physical, behavior along with biological, social factors that affects a person’s health. 2. Define public policies and health policies. Public policies is defined as the â€Å"authoritative decisions made in the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of government that are intended to direct or influence the actions, behaviors or decisions of†¦show more content†¦Such affects causes an increase in disease such as lung cancer, chemical burns, hearing difficulties and increase hospitalizations. This means that the federal government must pay out more in healthcare expenses. However, effective health policies would eliminate certain aspects of health expenses. 2. Discuss the impact of health policies on human behavior and biology. Human behavior and biology are basically the human chemical(biology) along with choices that are made. For example, human behavior would be an individual that choose to smoke and have unprotected sex. Factors that often times lead to individuals desire to drink, smoke, and have unprotected sex are things such as depression, stress and anger. Also the fact that some individuals have a genetic predisposition that influence such desires. Health policies are established to prevent or limit such activities. Today, we have smoke free restaurants and hospitals. Healthcare providers also give out literature to educate patients on the harmful effects of smoking, drinking and unprotected sex. 3. Discuss the impact of health policies on the social factors that help determine health. Health policies such as parenting classes, comprehensive preschools along with housing improvements and disease prevention all help lower the factors that contribute to unhealthy adults and children. Social factors such as poverty, unemployment, and lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Health Of Health Care983 Words   |  4 PagesHealth care has evolved throughout the years. The factors that have made health care evolve are the costs of health insurance, research on the advancement of medicine and diseases, technology, etc. Regardless of the factors, health and medicine have acknowledged and treated illnesses that society at one point may have thought cureless. But what is better than treating a disease or any kind of harm, physically and psychologically? Preventing it. Preventive care is like the guardian angel on people’sRead MoreHealth Care1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthese are the types of gri evances in which health care officials are faced with. During most presidential elections, most nominees propose plans for health care. Health care has become more prevalent in our mainstream media. According to Tami Luhby, a CNN news reporter, a proposal on healthcare is currently being discussed between the state and federal levels of government. With this proposal, the states and the people would be allowed the choice of health care providers; however, they would lose fundingRead MoreHealth And Health Care Disparities1102 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Health Care Disparities throughout the Region Plaquemines Parish The leading causes of death of residents in Plaquemines are heart disease and cancer. In addition, 15.6% of residents have been diagnosed with diabetes compared to the 12.3% state rate. Diabetes was identified as a community health issue, particularly among the uninsured, Black residents, and those living at the southern end of the parish. Also, 40.8% of residents are considered obese compared to the state rate of 31.7% OtherRead MoreDiscrimination And The Health Care977 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially in health care. A large percent of minorities are the majority of workers of America, in which requires the most of the health care distribution. But are they receiving the proper access to health care and prescription access based on their ethnicity/race? Discrimination and racism continue to be a part of the unbalancing inequality in society and have adversely affected minority populations, and the health care system in general. Analyzing some of the racial disparities in health car e among AmericansRead MoreThe Cost Of Health Care1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe cost of health explains almost half of the budgets of the state from financing the Medicaid program to providing health care for the employees of the state and other less qualified population like the prisoners (Vanderbeaux, 2014). In America, thousands upon thousands of decisions concerning health care are made by State legislatures every year (Vanderbeaux, 2014). Some of those decisions involve how best to provide appropriate care more efficiently, and deciding on what age group of patientsRead MoreMental Health And Health Care3541 Words   |  15 Pagesusing primary health care services in developing countries suffer from a mental illness. â€Å"Despite the substantial burden of disease and the availability of effective and affordable treatments, mental health care remains a neglected issue, especially in developing countries† (Kermode, Herrman, Arole, White, Premkumar Patel 2007, pp. 2). The relationship between women’s mental health and reproductive health has come to be recognized as having a considerable burden on women’s health and lives. TheRead MoreEvolution of Health Care999 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution of Health Care Information Systems Nancy Glaz HCS/533 February, 4, 2013 Sean Kern Evolution of Health Care Information Systems The introduction of Health Information Systems (HIS) to the health care industry has changed the delivery and reimbursement services in the United States (US). The history of information systems (IS) has enhanced communication between patients, providers, and insurance providers. Prior to the information age, health care use a paper method to maintainRead MoreHealth Care Interview653 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Care Interview Amanda Nava HCS/235 February 26, 2013 Jennifer Hitt Health Care Interview For my health care interview assignment I chose to interview Mayra Cruz, Certified Nurses Assistant. She works at Cuidado Casero Home Health and Hospice at 1617 E. Missouri Ave, El Paso, Texas. In my interview with her she described her job duties, her patients and how she interacts with others in her environment. In addition, she identified the length of time she has been in her current positionRead MoreHealth Care Budget1072 Words   |  5 PagesHCS 577 September 2012 Health Care Budget Manage a health care organization is not an easy task, the compromise with the community to provide an excellent service and the responsibility of keeping the profitability and viability of the organization makes health care management a complex and every day challenging profession. It require effective practices to avoid the failure of the business. Independently if the organization is not-for-profit or for-profit, a vital duty of the managementRead MorePersonal Health And Health Care2141 Words   |  9 PagesCompared to public health, personal health is focused on maintaining the health of an individual patient. It is a service based practice. 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McDonalds is A Competitive Fast Food Firm Essays

A Competitive Fast Food Firm Firms within the fast food industry fall under the market structure of competition. Market structure is a classification for the key traits of a market. The characteristics of a market that is competitive would include: a large number of buyers and sellers, easy entry to and exit from the market, homogeneous products, and the firm is a price taker. Take McDonalds fast food restaurant for example. In 1954, Ray Kroc became the first franchisee appointed by Mac and Dic McDonald in San Bernadino, California. He opened his first restaurant in De Plaines, Illinois (near Chicago), and the McDonald’s Corporation was created. By 1959, the 100th McDonald’s had opened in†¦show more content†¦He has been with McDonald’s for over fifteen years. He started out as a cook and quickly moved up in the ranks to his current position. He had been a District Supervisor for nearly ten years. When I asked Llyod, what is the secret of his success in his franchises, he replied that it is because he provides quality fast foods in a clean and friendly environment. He also ensures fast, friendly, and efficient service to all his customers. Llyod also said that his business provides service to a numerous quantity of people. â€Å"We provide service to a wide variety of people. Doesn’t matter what age or economic background. If people want fast service and are in a hurry to eat, they will come here.† Llyod claims that they have many competitors like Wendy’s, and Jack in the Box, however, their biggest competitor is Burger King. To maintain an advantage on the competition, Llyod says that McDonald’s provide quality food with fast, friendly, and efficient service to their customers, making them want to return. â€Å"We offer our customers a wide variety of menu items that are different from our competitors. Most other fast food places they mainly sell just burgers and fries. We offer from salads to yogurt parfaits. And our newest menu item, the chocolate dipped cone, is one item ourShow MoreRelatedDifferentiating Between Market Structures And The Market Structure1239 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancing technology.(Arthur, Levitt. (2015)) The competitive nature of an industry is what drives our markets throughout the world. An industry consists of all firms making similar or identical products. McDonald’s Corp. , which falls underneath the food and beverage industry, has implemented multiple competitive strategies under the microeconomics concepts. The market structure McDonalds Corp. competes in, the level of competition, competitive strategies and recommendations related to the strategiesRead MoreMcdonalds Case Analysis1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthat make up the fast-food industry. The demographic segment associated with McDonalds consists of a wide range of consumers with their new and improved menu that offers the success of the new dollar menu to healthier menu options including moderately priced salads. Teenagers were previously the firm’s primary targeted market; however McDonald’s objective is to target the larger, more profitable family market. McDonalds is distributed globally and known as the world’s largest fast-food restaurant businessRead MoreFast Food : A Policy Guide For Healthier Kids And Families982 Words   |  4 Pagesto gain a competitive advantag e. Where to Locate the Next McDonalds–in Your Hospital? There is more to McDonald’s than burgers, shakes, and fries. According to the article, Slowing Down Fast Food: A policy guide for Healthier kids and families, â€Å"Another way fast food corporations make sure people visit, buy and eat their food is to locate stores within easy reach of many people† (Gagnon Freudenberg, 2012, p.7). Store location is an important aspect of McDonald’s strategy. McDonald’s has $28.4Read MoreMcdonald s Success Of The Fast Food Industry Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pages Dr. Rajeswararao Chaganti 701 To: Top Executive From: Fakhriddin Yuldashev McDonalds McDonald’s Corporation operates and franchises restaurants all over the world. We are in competitive industry of quick service restaurants that is expected to grow 22% by 2017. We are the leading global food service retailer by means of over 34,000 restaurants in more than 118 countries, serving about 50 million people daily. Total revenue in 2012 was $27.8 billion, which is over 2% increase from 2011,yet McDonaldsRead MoreEssay about Value and Fast Food Customers751 Words   |  4 Pages2. What source of competitive advantage does McDonald’s have, and is that position supported by its value chain and other internal resources? -Inherit the previous CEO Cantalupo’s turnaround strategy. This strategy referred as the †Plan to win† tried to target various critical areas that needed to be addressed. -Rapid market fragmentation, which is describing the changes of consumer taste have made once-exotic foods like sushi and burritos everyday options. Many fast food customers are lookingRead MoreIn Technical Terms, Strategic Management Is Defined In1573 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitors. In a company s evolution phase, they must focus on growth and what it takes to get achieve success. This may include focusing on the reassessment of a company’s outlook on innovation. Evolution is a strategy used to stay relevant in a competitive market. Under this phase, a company might also identify the threats within the market and work on eliminating the ones that keep the company from growing. There are a series of four important phases in a company’s evolution. The first phase dealsRead MoreMcdonald s Vs. Burger King Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesIn a place where competition is a skill to maintain, many firms will do what it takes to be in the lead. There are numerous famous bat tles being talked about daily, like Apple and Samsung... but the one we’re going to be focused on is McDonald s vs. Burger King. McDonald s, America s well known fast food chain has been growing since the day it was discovered by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940. The famous hamburger sensation has surpassed its restaurant presences by 1.5 times when comparedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mcdonalds The Fast Food Industry1719 Words   |  7 Pages The market has expanded rapidly, with each product being produced in many and different ways. After researching about McDonald’s, we have concluded that the corporation operates in a monopolistic competition, as there are many competitors that produce and sell products that are differentiated from on another. In the fast food industry, they all produce the same product however with different ingredients yet in a monopolistic competition they are similar when it comes to branding, quality, locationRead MoreMcdonalds Case Study1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are three generic strategies that a company can use to achieve competitive advantage: Overall Cost Leadership, Differentiation, and Focus (Dess, McNamara, Eisner, 2016). Applying this concept to the McDonald’s case, it is possible to infer that the primary generic strategy adopted by the company is cost leadership (Gregory, 2017). A strategy of Overall Cost Leadership is based on attracting customers using a competitive advantage based on low cost (Dess, McNamara, Eisner, 2016). AccordingRead MorePestle Analysis Of Mcdonalds1628 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermines the different external factors that offers opportunities or threats to the business based on its macro-environment. In the global fast food restaurant market, McDonalds is focused on economic and sociocultural factors. Nonetheless, the company’s success is indicative of its effective strategies to deal with all of such  external factors. As the largest fast food restaurant chain in the world, McDonalds must keep modifying its approaches based on the circumstances of its industry environment. The

Literature Review International Wine Industry

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor International Wine Industry. Answer: Introduction Australian wine industry has gained a significant place in the international wine industry. In about 200 years, the industry has grown from very few plants to a renowned industry for quality, depth and innovation, worldwide. Australian wine industry has been one of the top ten wine producing countries throughout the world as well as one of the countries that make each of the major wine styles. However, to understand the success of the industry, it is important to figure out how much consumers are liking and seeking the wine products (Balestrini and Gamble 2006). Moreover, while doing business in foreign country, it is important to understand consumer behaviour trends towards wine products along with their demand and pricing strategy of the country. In addition, it should also be reviewed that whether there are significant opportunities to conduct business between China and Australia. Literatures have been suggested a potential and profitable business within Australia and China wine i ndustry since a long period (Somogyi et al. 2011). Here, in this review, the literatures related to the competitive strategies of Australian wine industry will be compared with the Chinese and European brands for their success in Chinese industry, along with the analysis of political, legal and market trends of wine industry. Australia is a large country, with every climate and soil type, thus, the country is capable for producing all the main types of wine including red, white, fortified, sweet and sparkling wines. Australia consist some older grape vines throughout the world. Australian wines are sold in more than 100 countries, as argued by Li et al. (2011). It is one of the chief exporters of wine among the world. UK is bringing in wine from Australia compared to France. However, in China, France is the importer. Australian wine exports have grown to $2.1 billion every year; the average price paid for Wine grapes has become $526/ tonne, which has been grown by 14 % (Williamson et al. 2012). One of the key reasons behind growth and success in Chinese market is the growing middle class in china, who are now able to pay for top shelf wines. Competitive Strategy France is dominating the Chinese wine industry with a market share of 48 %, whereas Australia has a 14 % share. Australia is the second largest wine exporter by value and third largest wine industry by volume in 2012. Australia is giving significant effort to change the image from the quality wine provider to a relatively cheap and diverse range of wine producer. The Chilean wines increased by 52.8 % in first half of 2014, the Chilean and Italian wine are the key competitors at core price segment with Australian wines, particularly in middle to high-end price array, as reported by Lereboullet et al. (2013). EU wine exports to Chine have reached about 257.3 million litres in 2012 with a value of about $1 billion, which is approximately 10 fold increase since 2006 as rapidly increasing wealth changed the lifestyle and taste in the country (Anderson and Nelgen 2015). However, fake European wine is more worrying than tariffs. For this China has escalated a trade dispute with the EU trade through the announcement of an anti-dumping investigation into EU wine exports. The top Chinese wine brands include Yantai Changyu Group Company Limited, China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd and Tonghua Grape Wine Co. Ltd. The top selling imported foreign brand of Australia in 2008 was Jacobs Creek and from France, Castel Freres and Rochemazet (Anderson and Wittwer 2013). The Australian share in Chinese wine industry has been increased for customers demand for premium wines. This has boosted up the Australian wine export by 7 % in 2016, which has been reached to $2.2 bn. The annual export report has represented the standard value of Australias wine exports, which has been raised 6 % to $2.96/ litre (Giuliani et al. 2011). This strong growth of Australian wine export is due to Australian bottled wines. The China-Australia free trade agreement, 2015 allowed the strong growth to bottled Australian premium wines in both value and volume. Operating Cost in China In Australia, the export priced $ 10 per litre, but it is 47 % high in china. However, the operating cost of conducting business in China is even on rise. China introduced two taxes for the foreign corporations, as argued by Camillo (2012). The foreign companies are now bound to pay education and urban maintenance taxes. According to social insurance law, the foreign marketers should maintain regulations of work injury, health, unemployment and maternity insurance, it will be beneficial for uninsured foreign nationals, but will impose additional operating costs on such corporations, which are providing international insurance coverage for workers (Bo Liu et al. 2014). Pricing To establish a good market in the Chinese industry, the Australian as well as European brands need to understand the Chinese markets prancing strategy. As it has been seen that the consumers behaviour has been shifted towards expensive price, the pricing strategy should be aligned with that. Chinese customers symbolises red wine as a symbol of wealth, thus they are sensitive to high price. Purchasing an expensive premium Australian, French or Italian wine helps to earn face in China. In this context, Chinese wine consumers are usually market followers and they seek to feel safe about their purchase, instead of losing face towards their guests (Zhang et al. 2013). The Australian premium bottled wine has enhanced Chinese customers thrust, as they are not losing their face, while purchasing this wine. In contrast, the European brands are not providing quality wines at highly expensive price, which is promoting consumers loss of face, which has in turn pushed raise of wine war. In 2014, the total import value was reached US$1.9 bn, which was 37 %, as reported by (Fleming et al. 2014). It indicated that average price of import bottled wines remained same in compared to 2014. The increase of bottled Australian wines in both volume and value consequentially increased the average price of Australian bottled wines in China. Within next 12 months, it is expected by china to become Australias second largest wine export. According to this agreement, in 2019, China will abolish the import tariff on Australian wines in full (Muhammad et al. 2015). Labelling The packaging and labelling are two key factors, affecting the wine business. The CIQ or China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau have been categorised wines in production batches, with the requirement of separate labelling. The production batches for the wine from a diverse production unit will be dissimilar, irrespective of similarity of labelling. The wine industry and the retail sector drivers have showed that attractive front label is one of most important element that is affecting customers purchasing behaviour. Initially, the back labels are more important for motivating the purchasing behaviours of customers. It has been revealed from consumer survey that Chinese citizen prefers wines from developed countries with high price, instead of local wine manufacturer. In addition, information on label is also important for wine producers to influence customers purchase behaviour (Zhang et al. 2013). According to Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 and Food Stand ards Code, Australian premium bottled wines come with proper labelling, which include declaration of alcohol, statement of number of standards drinks, proper logo or the brand, information regarding manufacturing and expiry date and he name of producing country (Bo Liu et al. 2014). On the other hand, in European industry, according to the wine law and regulation in Europe, the compulsory items should be on the label which include sales design, alcoholic strength or the drink, nominal volume, lot number, presence of sulphite indication about the person involved in marketing quality wine, manufacturing date and location. Both of the countries showed potential labelling strategies for providing customers important information. Functioning There is no particular licence requirement for importation of wine from EU. For importing, an EU brand needs to manage customs clearance itself along with the registration of Chinese subsidiary as a foreign trade operator after establishment. In addition, the importer should follow the Chinese food safety law and other appropriate regulations. Moreover, the foreign shareholders appealing in distribution of food and beverages need to appeal for the food distribution permission at local Administration of industry and commerce. Compared to local Chinese brands and European brands, Australian brands are being preferred by the Chinese consumers due to their premium quality and pricing strategy (Bo Liu et al. 2014). Usually wine is consumed at occasions and celebrations. Moreover, unlike the other types of alcoholic beverages, wine is highly consumed by aged population along with the young generation. People see it as the indication of success, which helps them to show their wealth and hap piness, thus, the quality is not compromised for the high price. This is the point, where the Australian wine manufacturers are growing significantly by providing premium quality wines in a range of variety. Due to the perfect climate and the acceptance of Australian wines taste to the Asian, the Australian red wine has a competitive advantage compared to Chinese or European countries. Factors and Opportunities in China Market Associated with Success of Australian Wine Industry There several political, economic, cultural as well as social factors, which promoted the success of Australian, wine industry to grow significantly in Chinese market Curran and Thorpe (2015) argued that Australia has significant opportunity to grow in this country with the support of both Australian government as well as the consumers. It is because, it has been revealed that Chinese consumers prefer expensive imported wines, with a high quality and the Australian premium bottle wine has enhanced Chinese citizens thirst significantly. On the other hand, China wine industry has targeted to be Australias largest market for export. Australian wine export value has been increased to 14 %, reaching $2.1 billion in 2015. Chinas market environment has played a key role following the success story of Australia. The soaring demand of china has helped potentially to drive the Australian wine exports value to the highest level, prior financial crisis. Australian wine is being exported with rec ord growth in the top 15 export markets of the world. Though USA is the still the most profit-making export market for Australian wine industry, China have already undertaken initiative for being Australias largest export market. The chief consumers of Australian wine are the Chinese citizen, claimed by (Balestrini and Gamble 2006). The partnership within Australia and China through Free Trade Agreement has positively pushed access of Australian wine business in the country, by eliminating the issues regarding taxation policies and foreign business regulations in China (Roy 2016). The China FTA originated at the year ending, which will have a significant impact upon tariff reduction to ensure further growth opportunity in China market. China has also supported the growth of Australian wine business by providing the choice of e-commerce and partnership with the major Chinese online retailer. In addition, the growth has even pushed further by the expensive price of a bad quality wine provided in middle kingdom, which has been overwhelmed by the Australian premium quality and best priced wine (Zhongguo-wine.com 2017). Finally, it helps Australia to combat with conflicts that may be raised in pricing to import licensing, marketing, language and packaging. Hypothesis: Ha Australia has a high potential to grow and sustain significantly in Chinese wine industry, which enhances the opportunity for new Australian wine company to start business in this foreign market. Conclusion From the review of existing literatures related to Australian wine business in China revealed that Australia has been on a right tract to conquer the Chinese market but Australia should think about the ways to elaborating any marketing campaign by the Chinese social media for adapting in Chinese culture. To sum up all the findings from the literatures reviewed, it has been revealed that it is suitable for Australian company to start a business in China. However, it is tough for new foreign entrants to explore the Chinese market initially, thus it would take some time for building the relationship, but once the partnership is established properly, there is a high potential for the Australian wine company to target Chinese customers with their needed flavour and taste of premium quality wine. Reference List Anderson, K. and Nelgen, S., 2015.Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium(p. 468). University of Adelaide Press. Anderson, K. and Wittwer, G., 2013. Modeling global wine markets to 2018: exchange rates, taste changes, and China's import growth.Journal of Wine Economics,8(02), pp.131-158. Balestrini, P. and Gamble, P., 2006. Country-of-origin effects on Chinese wine consumers.British Food Journal,108(5), pp.396-412. Bo Liu, H., McCarthy, B., Chen, T., Guo, S. and Song, X., 2014. The Chinese wine market: a market segmentation study.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,26(3), pp.450-471. Camillo, A.A., 2012. A strategic investigation of the determinants of wine consumption in China.International Journal of Wine Business Research,24(1), pp.68-92. Curran, L. and Thorpe, M., 2015. Chinese FDI in the French and Australian wine industries: Liabilities of foreignness and country of origin effects. Fleming, E., Mounter, S., Grant, B., Griffith, G. and Villano, R., 2014. The New World challenge: Performance trends in wine production in major wine-exporting countries in the 2000s and their implications for the Australian wine industry.Wine Economics and Policy,3(2), pp.115-126. Giuliani, E., Morrison, A. and Rabellotti, R. eds., 2011. Innovation and technological catch-up: The changing geography of wine production. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lereboullet, A.L., Beltrando, G. and Bardsley, D.K., 2013. Socio-ecological adaptation to climate change: A comparative case study from the Mediterranean wine industry in France and Australia.Agriculture, ecosystems environment,164, pp.273-285. Li, J.G., Jia, J.R., Taylor, D., Bruwer, J. and Li, E., 2011. The wine drinking behaviour of young adults: an exploratory study in China.British food journal,113(10), pp.1305-1317. Muhammad, A., Leister, A.M., McPhail, L. and Chen, W., 2014. The evolution of foreign wine demand in China.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,58(3), pp.392-408. Roy, R., 2016.The China hand in Australias wine exports: Soaring demand rakes in $2.1 billion, highest since 2007. [online] International Business Times AU. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.com.au/china-hand-australias-wine-exports-soaring-demand-rakes-21-billion-highest-2007-1501794 [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017]. Somogyi, S., Li, E., Johnson, T., Bruwer, J. and Bastian, S., 2011. The underlying motivations of Chinese wine consumer behaviour.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,23(4), pp.473-485. Williamson, P.O., Robichaud, J. and Francis, I.L., 2012. Comparison of Chinese and Australian consumers' liking responses for red wines.Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,18(3), pp.256-267. Zhang Qiu, H., Yuan, J., Haobin Ye, B. and Hung, K., 2013. Wine tourism phenomena in China: an emerging market.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(7), pp.1115-1134. Zhongguo-wine.com, 2017.Will Australian Wines succeed to conquer China ? | Zhongguo Wine. [online] Zhongguo-wine.com. Available at: https://www.zhongguo-wine.com/2016/01/28/will-australian-wines-succeed-to-conquer-china/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017].

Two Major Events in British History that Have Dramatically Affected the UK

Introduction Britain has encountered a number of events that have dramatically affected its society and the UK international fraternity. Industrial revolution, agrarian revolution, invention of railways, Gordon riots, the suffragists, Indian mutiny, colonialism, Irish rebellion, the chartists, Thatcher, trade, and the expansion of empires, amongst other events, are part of the British history.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Major Events in British History that Have Dramatically Affected the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, all these events attract the attention of the international community making Britain’s presence in the international arena more pronounced. However, in this paper, the writer considers colonialism and the 1926 general strike as two crucial events that have had enormous effects on the British society, as well as its international presence. In its simplest terms, colonization refers to the population of one or more species in a certain area. Colonialism, on the other hand, refers to â€Å"Western European countries’ colonization of lands mainly in America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania† (Marcy James, 2003, p.5) Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Netherlands, to name a few, were some of the European nations that involved themselves actively in colonization endeavours. On the other hand, the 1926 general strike stands out as essential for consideration while business managers make vital decisions regarding the way they handle their workforce. In fact, one can perhaps benchmark the repercussions of inappropriate handling of worker’s issues with the aftermaths of 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom. As the paper unveils, colonialism and the 1926 general strike constitute two crucial events in Britain that have immensely affected the British society with the consequences of fostering the UK’s presence on the internationa l floor. The 1926 General Strike Trades Union Congress (TUC) in 1926 called for a general strike in the UK. This strike went on for nine days consecutively. Though unsuccessful in attaining its aim, the strike attempted to â€Å"force British government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening working conditions faced by coal mines workers† (Renshaw 1975, p.158). The modern day businesses face dynamics of changing business productivity, which perhaps must prompt the managers to take interventions in an attempt to save an organization from dying. Such interventions would take a valid number of options. During the First World War, Britain saw an immense reduction in the coal output per worker. As Peter notes, â€Å"productivity was at its lowest ebb. Output per man had fallen to just 199 tonnes, in 1920 to 1924 from 247 tonnes† (2001, p.449). Amid the reduced in production, the prices of coal were also immensely dropping.Advertising Looking for essay on histor y? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As part of war repatriation strategies, Germany had resorted to exportation of free coal to Italy and France hence affecting the Britain’s coal market impeccably. Additionally, â€Å"The reintroduction of the gold standard in 1925 by Winston Churchill made the British pound too strong for effective exporting to take place from Britain, as well as the economic processes involved in maintaining a strong currency) raised interest rates hurting all businesses† (Robertson 1926, p.376). Evidently, this formed a business scenario that called for action to save the coal industry from collapsing. However, first to occur in the UK, search scenarios repeat themselves in almost every business organization across the globe. More often than not, businesses would want to make sure that their profits are normal even in times of economic crises. The mines owners knew this fact exceptionally well. As David (1988) reckons, â€Å"Mine owners wanted to normalise profits even during times of economic instability, which often took the form of wage reductions for miners. Coupled with the prospect of longer working, the industry was thrown into disarray† (p.105). The mine owners officially announced that they would reduce the wages of their workers. Was this a solution to be welcomed warmly? The repercussions of this decision perhaps help the entire world shape their approaches to human resource issues especially with the existence of workers unions. Any attempt to touch on workers’ wages, as an intervention to save a business organization, borrowing from aftermaths of the 1926 general strike in the UK perhaps calls a manager and business leaders to reconsider the strategy. In fact, this brings the repercussions of Britain’s coalmines owners’ decision into picture. TUC reacted to calls to reduce the wages of coalmines workers by promising to support them in their dispute with the coalmines owners. Voicing the imminent likely dispute, the government intervened to offer subsidies that would maintain the workers’ wages as norm. Unfortunately, these subsidies were temporary. As Peter notes, â€Å"The Samuel commission published a report on March 10, 1926 recommending that in the future, national agreements, the nationalism of royalties and sweeping reorganisation and improvement should be considered for the mining industry† (2001, p.449). This report recommended that the wages of the coalmines workers be reduced by 13.5 % upon withdraw of the government subsidies. The workday was also to be lengthened. A repercussion of this decision was the general strike.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Major Events in British History that Have Dramatically Affected the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the nine days of the strike, the transportation came t o a standstill amid other consequences including work boycotts. This had the effect of affecting the production output of their coalmines. With time, some workers perhaps due to their economic challenges decided to go back to work and work according to the new terms and conditions. Symons (1957) notes, â€Å"The miners maintained resistance for a few months before being forced by their own economic needs to return to the mines†¦By the end of November, most miners were back to work† (p.158). A good number of those who refused to accept the new terms hence opting to remain out of the coalmines remained unemployed for a long time. On the other hand, â€Å"Those that were employed were forced to accept longer hours, lower wages, and district wage agreements† (Goodhart 1927, p.471). Consequently, people who participated in the strike emerged as having not achieved anything. The paper here does not advocate for enforcement of such decisions that impairs the economic wel lness of the workers in an organization but rather attempts to argue that the employer dominance in reinforcing certain rule and regulation are not a new thing. In other parts of the world, the aftermaths of the 1926 general strike approaches have perhaps significantly affected industrial management. For instance, Taylor incredibly believed that organizations existed for the sake of the employees. Arguably, such a way of reasoning means that, the workers have to be flexible enough to adjust to policies made to ensure the continued presence of an organization even if it meant complying with the policies that affected their economic status. The modern function of human resource in an organization follows the guidance of the experiences encountered in the UK 1926 general strike. Britain today accords value-free expression of work related grievances. Again, in Britain, the human resource serves to ensure that the workers discontentment secures an ardent attention to ensure more motivati on, which results to the maximum productivity of the workers. The 1926 general strike event perhaps has vastly reshaped the Britain’s society especially in their approaches of handling workers to recognize that by mere forcing workers work does not mean increased organizational output. This has the repercussion of the emergence of current globally existing calls for incorporation of a separate department within an organization to handle the workers affairs.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The extent to which the aftermaths of the 1926 general strike affected international community is conspicuous. Rothberg (2011) claims, â€Å"the sheer fact that the idea of a general strike is being discussed shows how far our political discourse has come†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Para.1). Attempts to protect the organizations workers’ rights in Britain and the international floor perhaps reminiscences the 1926 general strike. New strategies designed to improve working conditions emanates from recognition of some existence of some non-conducive and oppressive working conditions. Moreover, bargaining for better policies in work places is a credit of the existence of poor policies that are oppressive in nature. The UK general strike was largely instigated by such struggles. Consequently, any existence of such non-conducive working conditions and poor work policies bring the UK general strike into picture. Colonialism Britain was among the nations that established empires in their colonies that perhaps lasted for longer periods than other European countries. Broadly speaking, the colonialism of Britain comprised of two types: settler colonialism, indirect colonialism, hybrid colonialism and direct colonialism (Leys 1996, p.11). Britain encompassed one of the nations that had gone through the process of industrialization, which had begun in the same nation before spreading to other regions of the world including America. Demands to increase outputs of cottage industries required more inputs in term of law materials and hence Britain to seek additional Raw materials by establishing colonies. Arguably, colonialism had the capacity to create more employment opportunities to the British people since increased outputs of the industries directly implied the requirement of more labour (Rodney 1982, p.34). If one approaches colonization from the settler colonialism point of view, he/she may argue that it fostered the Britain’s international presence. Hau, Mahoney, and Lange (2006) argue that the most widespread form of British colonialism was â€Å"settler colonialism, where permanent residents transplanted broad ranges of institutions arrangements† (p.1427). Settlers dispersed within the colonies, where they engaged themselves in economic activities aimed at producing raw material for their home based industries. For instance, in East Africa, they engaged in vast growing of coffee, tea and cotton among other products that acted as raw materials (Fage 2002, p.31). In the vast colonies, the British people interacted with local communities who ought to provide the hefty cheap labour for the settler’s farms. Communication was a substantial drawback and hence the British administrators had to learn local languages to breach the gap. In this context, British society experienced a fair deal of influence since colonization had an effect of initiation and subsequent campaigns for concepts of multiculturalism in the modern world. Multicultur alism concerns not only bother the global focused British society of today but also the entire elite global population. Whether, direct, indirect, settler, or hybrid colonialism, Britain had one objective: increase the economic wellbeing of its citizens in the colonies and back at home. For instance, Sir Fredrick Lugard, the then high priest and imperialism representative for Britain in the west and east Africa lamented that â€Å" European brains, capital and energy have not been, and will never be, expended in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy† (Chiriyankandath, 2007, p.7). Ideally, this means that Britain was not in the colonies to implicitly spread their technologies and industrial knowhow to better the lives of the native owners of the lands they colonized. Through this comment, Lugard laid out, with no doubt, the intentions and the purposes of British society interests in the West and East Africa. According Maxon and Ndege, the British society was largely impacted by colonialism since â€Å"metropolitan and local investors leaped economic benefits from the colonies† (1995, p.67). All the various policies engineered and implemented at various periods of the colonization era had the British society benefits at their heart. They focused on the construction of transport and communication networks, reorientation of colony wealth and factors of production including land to favour the economic development of the British natives in the colonies (Ferguson 2002, p.112). The proceeds of the implementation of these policies all helped improve the living standards of the British society. Additionally, there was the implementation of policies, inclined towards the British society, in many parts of the world where British had established colonies. Such nations included Australia, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, New Zealand, Ghana Pakistan, Lesotho, Hong Kong and many more other states that Britain had established colonies. Given the wide spread of Britain colonies, while not negating the fact that even America was colonized by Britain, its influence on the colonies’ systems of administration after colonization was over cannot be over looked. Behind the roots of every system of administration of a nation that was under the British colony is Britain’s name ingrained in it. Acemoglu et al. (2001) posits, â€Å"As a generalization, the territories with relatively high levels of development before colonialism declined during and after the colonial period whereas those with lower levels of pre-colonial development improved their relative position (p.1372). In this context, Britain laid the foundation for the onset of the development in the underdeveloped nation which were to be continued upon independence. More importantly, most of the colonies especially the African colonies had no formal system of administration of public resources. The legal systems based themselves on forces and laws of ethics and morality, which had segregated influence within the countries. Britain came through colonization to impose legal frame works of administration of the public resources. Upon independence, all the laws that served to govern the territories under the administration of Britain continued to act as the rules governing the colonies, even after the colonies acquired independence. Although several amendments are currently in place, the constitution or rather the entire constitution that governed the colonies altered the elements of British laws are still evident in those constitutions. Consequently, British society and entire UK presence in the international area is felt from social contexts, economic models to legal frame works in nations that were formerly British colonies. Many political scholars contend that colonization amounts to one of the most vital historic events of Britain that escalated its presence in the international arena. For instance, a conference that t ook place in 1961 in Cairo, defined neo-colonialism as â€Å"the survival of the colonial system in spite of the formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries, which become the victims of an indirect and subtle form of domination by political, economic, social, military or technical means† (Kohli 2004, p.115). In this context, declaration of independence is an illusion to the colonies that mark the dawn of freedom. Colonies assumed political independence. Political independence implies that the British colonies received the freedom to make their own policies. However, Britain still has a tremendous say in the colonies when it comes to economic policies through regulation and setting of certain economic policies. For instance, it sets some preconditions that the common wealth member states must satisfy before getting grants or financial aid. The fact that, through colonization, Britain was able to ship raw materials and improve the economic well being of i ts society by increasing it productivity, makes it have the dominance in the colonies since its colonies especially the African colonies have not yet acquired full economic independence. The integration of the colonies in the capitalistic international economy narrows down to colonization. As La Porta et al posits, â€Å"The main force keeping economies in the global system and sustaining imperialism is the market itself. It proves a very seductive place for people with the means of paying the market, offering everything and anything† (1998, p.25). Consequently, the elites from Africa and other undeveloped parts of the world obtained the opportunity to consume products that had gone through the process of value addition in the British industries without the Africans having to put up the factories themselves. As previously argued, the increased raw material from the colonies prompted more construction of industries in Britain. Bearing in mind that shopping in the global market is far cheaper than putting up industries to produce the same or similar commodities, most people elsewhere in the globe prefer to shop in this global market. This has the capacity to accelerate revenues to the British based industries. In fact, this revenue goes into improvement of the public utilities in Britain and hence the British society. Colonization perhaps also helped to shape the minds of the people whose nations were under the colony of Britain. Lange is to the opinion that â€Å"The most subversive act of colonialism was to introduce into the minds of Africans and peoples of other pre-capitalist societies the idea that material progress and prosperity were possible for the masses of people† (2003, p.302). The onset of colonization came to change the ideologies that the natives of the colonies held. For instance, the general perception amongst the native people was that the predominant fixing of conditions in material terms. Ample harvest gave an indication that m ore was available to eat. However, the natives could not look at increased harvest as an opportunity to better their living conditions. Colonization altered this mind set. Furthermore as Fage reckons that â€Å"With colonialism came the idea of progress – that humanity is capable of improving its condition of existence – today can be better than yesterday and tomorrow better than today† (2002, p.196). As a result, any advancement of the society belonging to the colonies that were under British administration is attributable to the developments that were evident in the British society. From this context, arguably, colonization immensely fostered British society and the entire UK fraternity for that matter, increased presence in the international arena. Conclusion The UK has many historical events that have affected the British society in different ways. Some of these events have over the years served to foster Britain’s international presence. Among the ma ny events, the paper has discussed the colonialism and the 1926 general strike as two outstanding events that have had enormous influence to the British society both at local and international arena. Colonization is particularly significant since it increased the availability of Raw materials in the Britain located industries. Critics argue that colonization had no positive impacts in the colonies, apart from the mass draining of the colonies’ resources. However, the paper views colonization as a historic event that had multi-fold benefits to both the native British society and the colonies’ natives. These benefits encompass aspects such as reconstitution and modelling of the economic systems of the colonies to assume capitalistic economic models of Britain among others. Making the colonies adopt Capitalistic model is particularly one of the products of colonization. Capitalism and imperialism is vital for a nation to participate in the international free markets contr olled by forces of demand and supply. By treating Britain as well established industrially, and one that was seeking for more Raw materials in the colonies, colonization helped to improve the economic status of the Britons by the virtue of creating more employment through the provision of additional factors of production. The 1926 general strike stands out as a chief event that shaped and prompted incorporation of what we now term as human resource concepts into organizations. People have further argued the evolution of this concept as being widely instigated by discontentment, historically traced from coalmines workers in Britain. In this context, human resource: being now part and parcel of almost every industry across the globe endeavours to solve some of the concerns that transpired the 1926 general strike in the UK. To this regard, the author feels that industrial revolution and the 1926 general strike constitutes two key events in British history that dramatically affected the UK society locally also fostered its international presence. References Acemoglu, D., Simon, J., James, R., 2001. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(23), pp. 1369–1401. Chiriyankandath, J., 2007. Colonialism and Post-Colonial Development. Web. David, S., 1988. Two Georges: The Making of the Modern Monarchy. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Fage, J., 2002. A History of Africa. New York: Routledge. Ferguson, N., 2002. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. New York: Basic Books. Goodhart, L., 1927. The Legality of the General Strike in England. The Yale Law Journal, 36(4), pp. 464-485. Hau, M., Mahoney, J., Lange, M., 2006. Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and Brutish Colonies. American Journal of Sociology, 111(5), pp. 1412-1462. Kohli, A., 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Per iphery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lange, M., 2003. Embedding the Colonial State: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of State Building and Broad-Based Development in Mauritius. Social Science History, 27(7), pp. 397–423. La Porta, R., Florencio, L., Andrei, S., Robert W., 1998. Law and Finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(11), pp. 13–55. Leys, C., 1996. The Rise and fall of Development Theory. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Marcy, R., James, S., 2003. The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes. New York: Routledge. Maxon, M., Ndege, P., 1995.The Economics of Structural Adjustment, Ogot, B. A. and Ochieng, W. R. (Eds.) (1995) Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940-1993. London: James Currey. Peter, M., 2001. The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914. London: Routledge. Renshaw, P., 1975. The General Strike. London: Eyre Meuthen. Robertson, H., 1926. A Narrative of the General Strike of 1926 . The Economic Journal, 36(143), pp. 376-497. Rodney, W., 1982. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press. Rothberg, P., 2011. Do we need a general strike? Web. Symons, J., 1957. The General Strike. London: Cresset Press. This essay on Two Major Events in British History that Have Dramatically Affected the UK was written and submitted by user M1ley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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